Hormones… A big word, with an even bigger explanation required to understand what it means. While it’s a topic I talk about with my parent friends a lot, we rarely have the answers to the questions we’re all asking – especially when it comes to the slightly uncharted territory of our kids. We know that hormones will kick in, but when? To be honest, what exactly are hormones and what role do they play when it comes to growing children and young teens? What should we be looking out for as these hormone changes come and, in turn, how can we help support our kids as they navigate these impending hormonal surges and shifts? One word, but a huge topic.

To help break down the facts and tackle what can be a fairly overwhelming topic, we speak to Dr. Riham Ismail, specialist paedtrician at Medcare Women and Children Hospital. Here’s the lowdown on understanding hormones in young children.

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Firstly, what exactly are hormones and what is their role?

Hormones are chemical messengers made by glands (eg. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes), which travel in the blood to organs/tissues to control growth, metabolism, mood and development. In childhood and early teens, they are key for: Physical growth (height, muscle, bone), puberty changes (breasts, voice, hair, reproductive maturity), and emotional and brain development.

Do hormones differ for boys and girls, or different ages?

Yes, they do. In boys, testosterone drives voice changes, muscle growth, facial hair and sperm production. In girls, oestrogen and progesterone regulate breast growth, menstruation and body fat distribution. And in both sexes, the growth hormone, thyroid hormones, cortisol, insulin and others are vital at all ages. Levels of hormones change with age, puberty stage, health conditions, stress, nutrition and sleep.

What are the signs of hormonal surges or changes parents should look out for?

There are lots of different things to keep an eye out for: Rapid height or weight changes; Skin changes, with acne or oiliness; Mood swings, irritability or sudden emotional changes; Changes in body hair growth patterns; Changes in body odour or sweating; Menstrual periods starting in girls and the voice deepening in boys.

Talk us through some of the effects of hormonal surges or changes

Physically, there might be growth spurts, sexual development, skin/oil production and muscle/fat distribution. Emotionally, children can experience mood swings, sensitivity and an increased need for privacy. And from a social/behavioural perspective, you might see a change in friendships and your child seeking more independence.

It sounds like there’s a lot going on. How can parents help their kids navigate these new changes?

My advice is to listen without judgment. Give clear, age-appropriate explanations for these changes. Maintain healthy routines, such as nutrition, exercise and sleep. Encourage open communication about their body and their feelings. And support healthy coping mechanisms for mood swings, such as activities, hobbies and breathing exercises.

For parents who are unsure how to broach the topic with their kids, what’s your advice?

I’d suggest starting to talk to your children before the changes start, so around aged 8-10 years old for most kids. As for the how, I would recommend using simple language, answer any questions honestly, normalise the process and reassure them that everyone develops at their own pace. Don’t shy away from using real terms (breast, menstruation, ejaculation) alongside respectful discussion.

What hormonal issues can arise that parents should be aware of?

  • Early puberty – before 8 in girls, 9 in boys
  • Early puberty – before 8 in girls, 9 in boys.4 in boys.
  • Thyroid problems – overactive or underactive.
  • Diabetes – insulin hormone issues.
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in girls.
  • Hormone deficiencies – growth hormone, cortisol.

Any final top tips for parents helping their children navigate these new changes?

Remember that every child’s timeline is different, so avoid comparisons. Regular check-ups are important, as they help monitor healthy growth. Emotional changes are normal but persistent sadness, anxiety or severe mood swings should be assessed by a doctor. Lastly, it’s important to encourage balanced self-image and body confidence.